Which of the following is a permissible reason for an attorney to withdraw from a case?

An attorney is permitted to withdraw from a case if the client is persisting in a course of action that the attorney knows is criminal or fraudulent. This is rooted in the attorney's ethical duty to avoid assisting in any illegal or unethical conduct. If a client insists on pursuing such actions, the attorney must withdraw to uphold their professional responsibilities and to prevent complicity in wrongdoing. The Model Rules of Professional Conduct and California's Rules of Professional Conduct highlight that attorneys must act in accordance with the law and should not advance a client's illegal interests.

Withdrawal under these circumstances is not only permissible but may also be required to fulfill the attorney's obligations to the court and the legal system at large. The other reasons presented do not meet the threshold for mandatory or permissible withdrawal as they do not involve ethical violations or illegal actions; therefore, they do not justify the attorney's withdrawal in the same manner.